February 1974 United Kingdom general election

February 1974 United Kingdom general election

28 February 1974
All 635 seats in the House of Commons 318 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	78.8% (6.8 pp)
First party Second party Third party   Lib Leader Harold Wilson Edward Heath Jeremy Thorpe Party Labour Conservative Liberal Leader since 14 February 1963 28 July 1965 18 January 1967 Leader's seat Huyton Sidcup North Devon Last election 288 seats, 43.1% 330 seats, 46.4% 6 seats, 7.5% Seats before 287 325 6 Seats won 301 297 14 Seat change 14 28 8 Popular vote 11,645,616 11,872,180 6,059,519 Percentage 37.2% 37.9% 19.3% Swing 5.9 pp 8.5 pp 11.8 pp
Colours denote the winning party—as shown in § Results
Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election Edward Heath Conservative Prime Minister after election Harold Wilson Labour

The February 1974 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 28 February 1974. The Labour Party, led by former Prime Minister Harold Wilson, gained 14 seats (301 total) but was seventeen short of an overall majority. The Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Edward Heath, lost 28 seats (though it polled a higher share of the vote than Labour). That resulted in a hung parliament, the first since 1929. Heath sought a coalition with the Liberals, but the two parties failed to come to an agreement and so Wilson became prime minister for a second time, his first with a minority government. Wilson called another early election in September, which was held in October and resulted in a Labour majority. The February election was also the first general election to be held with the United Kingdom as a member state of the European Communities (EC), which was widely known as the "Common Market".

Its results saw Northern Ireland diverging heavily from the rest of the United Kingdom, with all twelve candidates elected being from local parties (eleven of them representing unionist parties) after the decision of the Ulster Unionists to withdraw support from the Conservative Party in protest over the Sunningdale Agreement. The Scottish National Party achieved significant success at the election by increasing its share of the popular vote in Scotland from 11% to 22%, and its number of MPs from one to seven. Plaid Cymru also succeeded for the first time in getting candidates elected at a general election in Wales (its sole previous seat was won at a by-election in 1966).

Although Heath's incumbent Conservative government polled the most votes by a small margin, the Conservatives were overtaken in terms of seats by Wilson's Labour Party because of a more efficiently distributed Labour vote. Ultimately, the decision by the seven Ulster Unionist MPs not to take the Conservative whip proved decisive in giving Labour a slim plurality of seats. The other four unionists elected were hardliners who were not affiliated with the UUP.

Both the Labour and the Conservative parties lost a considerable share of the popular vote, largely to the Liberal Party under Jeremy Thorpe's leadership, which polled two-and-a-half times its share of the vote in the previous election. However, even with over 6,000,000 votes, only 14 Liberal MPs were elected. There had been some media projections that the Liberals could take twice as many seats.

Given that it was not obvious who could command the support of the House, Heath did not resign immediately as prime minister. However, he knew that even if he could persuade all eleven of Northern Ireland's unionist MPs to support a Conservative government, at least on confidence matters, over one led by Wilson, he would still need the support of the Liberals to have a workable majority. Heath, therefore, started negotiations with Thorpe to form a coalition government. Thorpe, never enthusiastic about supporting the Conservatives, demanded major electoral reforms in exchange for such an agreement. Unwilling to accept such terms, Heath resigned, and Wilson returned for his second stint as Prime Minister.

The election night was covered live on the BBC and was presented by Alastair Burnet, David Butler, Robert McKenzie and Robin Day.

Prominent members of Parliament who retired or were defeated at the election included Gordon Campbell, Bernadette McAliskey, Enoch Powell, Richard Crossman, Tom Driberg and Patrick Gordon Walker. It was the first of two United Kingdom general elections held that year, the first to take place after the United Kingdom became a member of the European Communities on 1 January 1973, and the first since 1929 not to produce an overall majority in the House of Commons for the party with the most votes. This was also the first time since 1910 that two general elections were held in the same year.

Background

On 20 October 1973, a group of Arab nations led by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia imposed a total oil embargo on the United States. The United Kingdom was not subject to the embargo, but the embargo led to the price of oil quadrupling worldwide in late 1973 as the shortage of oil in the United States made American consumers willing to pay higher oil prices, which in turn led to higher worldwide oil prices around the world including in Britain as oil producers would not ship oil to nations that would not pay the same prices relative to American consumers. Oil was discovered in the North Sea in 1969, but only started to be pumped in 1975, making Britain in 1973-1974 entirely dependent upon imported oil. In December 1973 Heath warned in a series of speech that because of the "oil shock" that the United Kingdom was headed into a recession and the British people should expect economic austerity. The need to avoid importing the now considerably more expensive oil to help manage the balance-of-payments led the Heath government to turn towards coal (which Britain was self-sufficient in) as a substitute source of energy, which gave the coal miners union immense leverage over the government to press for higher wages for the coal miners. Heath offered the coal miners a 7% wage increase, which was rejected as insufficient by the miners who wanted a 35% wage increase.

Campaign

On Thursday 7 February, it was announced that Prime Minister Edward Heath had asked Queen Elizabeth II, who was then in New Zealand for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, to dissolve Parliament for a general election to take place on 28 February. Because of the Queen's being abroad, the dissolution of parliament was required to be promulgated by Counsellors of State, in this case Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and Princess Margaret, on her express instructions. The severe economic circumstances in which the election was held prompted both The Sun and the Daily Mirror to characterise it as a "crisis election". Heath had been elected on a platform in 1970 that in some ways anticipated the policies later pursued by Margaret Thatcher, but during his time in office he performed a series of "u-turns" that instead led to greater state involvement in the British economy, which had damaged his reputation, giving the image of a leader who reacted to events. A number of ministers in Heath's government, most notably William Whitelaw, were opposed to calling an election in early 1974 and would preferred to wait until later in 1974 or even 1975 out of the hope the economy might be in better shape.

On 10 February, the National Union of Mineworkers, as expected, went on strike, but it was more of a low-key affair than the high-profile clashes of 1972, with no violence and only six men on each picket line. Jim Prior later wrote that the miners had been "as quiet and well-behaved as mice". The Three-Day Week continued throughout the election, although Heath allowed the late-night television curfew to be lifted to allow more coverage of the campaign. The low profile of the miners' strike allowed worries over inflation to dominate the election. On 15 February, it was announced that the Retail Price Index showed a 20% increase in prices over the previous year.

On 21 February, the Pay Board released a report on miners' pay, which unexpectedly revealed that they were paid less than other manufacturing workers, contrary to the claims of the National Coal Board. That came as a severe blow to the Conservative position, and led to accusations that the National Coal Board did not understand its own pay system and that the strike was unnecessary. Further bad news for Heath and his party came four days later, with the latest trade figures showing that the current account deficit for the previous month had been £383,000,000, the worst in recorded history. Heath claimed the figures confirmed "the gravity of the situation" and the need for a new mandate, which prompted Roy Jenkins to quip: "He [Heath] presumably thinks a still worse result would have given him a still stronger claim".

One of the most unexpected and explosive events of the campaign was when the outspoken Conservative MP Enoch Powell, who had already announced that he could not stand for re-election on the Conservative manifesto, urged people to vote against Heath for bringing about UK membership of the European Communities. In a speech in Birmingham on 23 February 1974, Powell claimed the main issue in the campaign was whether Britain was to "remain a democratic nation ... or whether it will become one province in a new Europe super-state"; he said it was people's "national duty" to oppose those who had deprived Parliament of "its sole right to make the laws and impose the taxes of the country". The speech prompted The Sun to run the headline "Enoch puts the boot in". A few days later, he said he hoped for victory by "the party which is committed to a fundamental renegotiation of the Treaty of Brussels and to submitting to the British People ... the outcome of that renegotiation". Those were the explicit manifesto promises of the Labour Party.

A further unforeseen blow to the Conservative campaign came on 26 February when Campbell Adamson, Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), was reported to have called for the repeal of the Heath Government's Industrial Relations Act and to have said that the Act had "sullied every relationship between employers and unions at national level". Adamson had been closely involved with the Downing Street talks over the mining dispute. Although Heath emphasised that Adamson was voicing a personal opinion and that his views did not express the official position of the CBI, he after the election acknowledged that the intervention had a negative impact on the Conservative campaign. Labour, meanwhile, cited Adamson's comments as proving the need "for everything they (had)... been urging on the Government".

Conservative campaign

Heath addressed the country on television on the evening of 7 February, and asked:

Do you want a strong Government which has clear authority for the future to take decisions which will be needed? Do you want Parliament and the elected Government to continue to fight strenuously against inflation? Or do you want them to abandon the struggle against rising prices under pressure from one particularly powerful group of workers ... This time of strife has got to stop. Only you can stop it. It's time for you to speak—with your vote. It's time for your voice to be heard—the voice of the moderate and reasonable people of Britain: the voice of the majority. It's time for you to say to the extremists, the militants, and the plain and simply misguided: we've had enough. There's a lot to be done. For heaven's sake, let's get on with it.

The Conservative campaign was, thus, encapsulated by the now-famous phrase "Who governs Britain?"

The party's manifesto, which was largely written by the future Chancellor Nigel Lawson, was entitled Firm Action for a Fair Britain and characterised by the historian Dominic Sandbrook as "strident rhetoric". It claimed the Labour opposition had been taken over by "a small group of power-hungry trade union leaders", who were "committed to a left-wing programme more dangerous and more extreme than ever before in its history". It went on to assert that a Labour victory would be a "major national disaster". Sandbrook criticised the Conservative manifesto as "very vague and woolly" and lacking in "detailed policies or [a] sense of direction."

Edward Heath played a dominant and crucial role in the campaign. In public, he appeared calm and in control. David Watt, in the Financial Times, called him "statesmanlike" and "relaxed". In his party's final broadcast of the campaign he said: "I'll do all that I can for this country ... We've started a job together. With your will, we shall go on and finish the job".

One Conservative political broadcast attracted controversy for its ferocity. In the film the narrator warned that Labour would confiscate "your bank account, your mortgage and your wage packet" while pictures of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan dissolved into those of Michael Foot and Tony Benn. It went on to allege that Labour would not have to move much further to the left before "you could find yourself not even owning your own home". Wilson was reportedly furious, and Lord Carrington, the Secretary of State for Energy, made a formal apology.

Labour campaign

The Labour manifesto, Let us work together, consisted of only ten pages only, the shortest since 1955. It had been greatly influenced by the economist Stuart Holland and Shadow Industry Secretary Tony Benn. In it, Labour promised "a fundamental and irreversible shift in the balance of power and wealth in favour of working people and their families". It advocated planning agreements with industry and the creation of a National Enterprise Board. That section attracted criticism from some figures within the party. For example, Anthony Crosland privately called the programme "half-baked" and "idiotic".The manifesto also committed the party to renegotiating the terms of Britain's entry into the European Economic Community and to holding a national referendum on the issue.

The Labour campaign presented the party's leadership as competent negotiators, who would restore peace with the unions. Unlike in previous elections, Wilson took something of a back seat and allowed James Callaghan, Denis Healey and Shirley Williams to play equal, if not greater, roles in the campaign. In the final broadcast of the campaign, a series of leading figures claimed Labour could put Britain "on the road to recovery". In the film, Wilson asserted: "Trades unionists are people. Employers are people. We can't go on setting one against the other except at the cost of damage to the nation itself".

Liberal campaign

The Liberal Party had undergone a revival under the leadership of Jeremy Thorpe by winning a string of by-elections in 1972 and 1973. It had begun to appeal to disaffected Conservative voters and continued to do so throughout the campaign. Thorpe came across as young and charismatic, often attempting to appear above the two-party fray. The manifesto, You can Change the Face of Britain, promised voting reform and devolution, but Sandbrook described its economic policy as "impossibly vague". The Liberals began to contest more seats, standing in 517 constituencies across the country.

Scottish National Party campaign

During the election, the Scottish National Party campaigned widely on the political slogan "It's Scotland's oil". It was argued that the discovery of North Sea oil off the coast of Scotland and the revenue that it created would not benefit Scotland to any significant degree while it remained part of the United Kingdom.

Position of press

The historian Dominic Sandbrook describes the "level of partisanship" amongst the national newspapers during the election as "unprecedented" in post-war Britain, with most of the media prejudiced in favour of Heath and the Conservatives. The Daily Mirror was one of the few national newspapers to support Labour, with many others urging their readers to re-elect Heath. In the right-wing media, there was fierce condemnation of Wilson and his party. The Sun, which had supported Labour in 1970, claimed a Labour victory would result in "galloping inflation", and an editorial in The Daily Telegraph said a Labour government would be "complete ruin public and private" and condemned what it saw as Wilson's "craven subservience to trade union power". The Evening Standard published a piece by Kingsley Amis calling the Labour politician Tony Benn, who was to be appointed Secretary of State for Industry after the election, "the most dangerous man in Britain", and in the Daily Express, the cartoonist Cummings depicted the miners' leader Joe Gormley, Wilson and other Labour figures as French revolutionaries guillotining Heath. The Guardian, in contrast, chose to support no party openly. Its columnist Peter Jenkins claimed the last ten years had proved that "neither party" had the ability to deal with the country's problems.

Economic background

It was the first general election in the United Kingdom to be held during an economic crisis since the 1931 general election, which had been held in the depths of the Great Depression.

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 1974 United Kingdom general elections

Throughout the campaign 25 of the 26 opinion polls had a Conservative lead and one even by 9%. Of the six polls on election day (28 February), two had a 2% lead, two a 4% lead, one a 3% lead and one a 5% lead.

Timeline

As the Queen was in New Zealand on 7 February, the Prime Minister notified her of his intentions via telegram, rather than by the usual protocol of visiting Buckingham Palace. The key dates were as follows:

Friday 8 February	Dissolution of the 45th Parliament and official beginning of campaign
Monday 18 February	Last day to file nomination papers; 2,135 candidates enter to contest 635 seats
Wednesday 27 February	Campaigning officially ends
Thursday 28 February	Polling day
Friday 1 March	Election results in a hung parliament with Labour narrowly ahead as the largest party but short of a majority
Sunday 3 March	Edward Heath begins meetings with Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe to discuss the terms of a potential coalition
Monday 4 March	Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath resigns shortly after the Liberals reject his coalition terms, which allows Harold Wilson to return to power as leader of a Labour minority government
Wednesday 6 March	46th Parliament assembles
Tuesday 12 March	State Opening of Parliament

Results

The election was fought on new constituency boundaries with five more seats added to the 630 used in 1970. This led to many seats changing hands on the new notional boundaries. Notional election results from the 1970 general election were calculated on behalf of the BBC by Michael Steed to of compare constituency results with those of February 1974.

For the first time since 1929, the two largest political parties had received less than a combined share of 80% of the vote, and the Liberals had also won more than 10% of the vote.

UK General Election February 1974

All parties shown.

			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Conservative	Edward Heath	623	297	5	42	−37	46.8	37.9	11,872,180	−8.5
	Labour	Harold Wilson	623	301	34	14	+20	47.4	37.2	11,645,616	−5.9
	Liberal	Jeremy Thorpe	517	14	8	0	+8	2.2	19.3	6,059,519	+11.8
	SNP	William Wolfe	70	7	6	0	+6	1.1	2.0	633,180	+0.9
	UUP	Harry West	7	7	1	2	−1	1.1	0.8	232,103	N/A
	Plaid Cymru	Gwynfor Evans	36	2	2	0	+2	0.3	0.5	171,374	−0.1
	SDLP	Gerry Fitt	12	1	1	0	+1	0.2	0.5	160,137	N/A
	Pro-Assembly Unionist	Brian Faulkner	7	0	0	0	0		0.3	94,301	N/A
	National Front	John Tyndall	54	0	0	0	0		0.2	76,865	+0.1
	Vanguard	William Craig	3	3	3	0	+3	0.5	0.2	75,944	N/A
	DUP	Ian Paisley	2	1	1	0	+1	0.2	0.2	58,656	+0.1
	Independent Liberal	N/A	8	0	0	0	0		0.2	38,437	+0.2
	Communist	John Gollan	44	0	0	0	0		0.1	32,743	0.0
	Independent Labour	N/A	6	1	1	1	0	0.2	0.1	29,892	0.0
	Alliance	Oliver Napier	3	0	0	0	0		0.1	22,660	N/A
	Independent	N/A	43	0	0	0	0		0.1	18,180	0.0
	Unity	N/A	2	0	0	2	−2		0.0	17,593	−0.4
	Independent Socialist	N/A	2	0	0	0	0		0.0	17,300	N/A
	NI Labour	Alan Carr	5	0	0	0	0		0.0	17,284	N/A
	Republican Clubs	Tomás Mac Giolla	4	0	0	0	0		0.0	15,152	N/A
	Democratic Labour	Dick Taverne	1	1	1	0	+1		0.0	14,780	N/A
	Ind. Conservative	N/A	18	0	0	0	0		0.0	11,451	−0.1
	Ind. Republican	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	5,662	N/A
	PEOPLE	Tony Whittaker	6	0	0	0	0		0.0	4,576	N/A
	Workers Revolutionary	Gerry Healy	9	0	0	0	0		0.0	4,191	N/A
	Social Democracy	Dick Taverne	4	0	0	0	0		0.0	2,646	N/A
	Independent Democratic	John Creasey	6	0	0	0	0		0.0	1,976	N/A
	Marxist-Leninist (England)	John Buckle	6	0	0	0	0		0.0	1,419	N/A
	National Independence	John Davis	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	1,373	N/A
	National Democratic	David Brown	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	1,161	−0.1
	Ind. Labour Party	Emrys Thomas	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	991	0.0
	Mebyon Kernow	Richard Jenkin	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	850	0.0
	International Marxist	N/A	3	0	0	0	0		0.0	716	N/A
	British Movement	Colin Jordan	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	711	0.0
	Ind. Social Democrat	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	661	N/A
	Wessex Regionalist	Viscount Weymouth	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	521	N/A
	Independent Democrat	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	386	N/A
	More Prosperous Britain	Tom Keen and Harold Smith	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	234	N/A
	National	N/A	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	229	N/A
	John Hampden New Freedom	Frank Hansford-Miller	1	0	0	0	0		0.0	203	N/A

Government's new majority	−33
Total votes cast	31,321,982
Turnout	78.8%

Votes summary

Popular vote Conservative   37.90% Labour   37.18% Liberal   19.35% SNP   2.02% Others   3.55%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats Labour   47.40% Conservative   46.77% Liberal   2.20% SNP   1.10% Others   2.52%

Incumbents defeated

Party		Name	Constituency	Office held whilst in Parliament	Defeated by	Party
	Conservative	Patricia Hornsby-Smith	Aldridge-Brownhills		Geoff Edge		Labour
		Patrick Wolrige-Gordon	Aberdeenshire East		Douglas Henderson		Scottish National Party
		Wilfred Baker	Banffshire		Hamish Watt		Scottish National Party
		Eric Cockeram	Bebington (contested Bebington and Ellesmere Port)		Alf Bates		Labour
		Geoffrey Stewart-Smith	Belper		Roderick MacFarquhar		Labour
		Sydney Chapman	Birmingham Handsworth		John Lee		Labour
		Joseph Kinsey	Birmingham Perry Barr		Jeff Rooker		Labour
		Derek Coombs	Birmingham Yardley		Syd Tierney		Labour
		Robert Hicks	Bodmin		Paul Tyler		Liberal
		Laurance Reed	Bolton East		David Young		Labour
		John Wilkinson	Bradford West		Edward Lyons		Labour
		Fergus Montgomery	Brierley Hill, contested Dudley West		Colin Phipps		Labour
		Wilfred Proudfoot	Brighouse and Spenborough		Colin Jackson		Labour
		Constance Monks	Chorley		George Rodgers		Labour
		Peter Trew	Dartford		Sydney Irving		Labour
		Roger White	Gravesend		John Ovenden		Labour
		Albert Cooper	Ilford South		Arnold Shaw		Labour
		Mark Woodnutt	Isle of Wight		Stephen Ross		Liberal
		Joan Hall	Keighley		Bob Cryer		Labour
		John Gummer	Lewisham West		Christopher Price		Labour
		Charles Simeons	Luton, contested Luton East		Ivor Clemitson		Labour
		Frank Taylor	Manchester Moss Side		Frank Hatton		Labour
		Keith Speed	Meriden		John Tomlinson		Labour
		John Sutcliffe	Middlesbrough West, contested Thornaby		Ian Wrigglesworth		Labour
		Alan Haselhurst	Middleton and Prestwich		Jim Callaghan		Labour
		Gordon Campbell	Moray and Nairn	Secretary of State for Scotland	Winnie Ewing		Scottish National Party
		Thomas Stuttaford	Norwich South		John Garrett		Labour
		Harold Soref	Ormskirk		Robert Kilroy-Silk		Labour
		Nicholas Scott	Paddington South, contested Paddington		Arthur Latham		Labour
		Joan Vickers	Plymouth Devonport		David Owen		Labour
		Mary Holt	Preston North		Ronald Atkins		Labour
		Alan Green	Preston South		Stan Thorne		Labour
		Idris Owen	Stockport North		Andrew Bennett		Labour
		Anthony Trafford	The Wrekin		Gerald Fowler		Labour
	Labour	Nigel Spearing	Acton		George Young		Conservative
	Labour	Terry Davis	Bromsgrove, contested Bromsgrove and Redditch		Hal Miller		Conservative
	Labour	Ivor Richard	Barons Court, contested Blyth		John Ryman		Labour
	Labour	John Mackintosh	Berwick and East Lothian		Michael Ancram		Conservative
	Labour	Michael Barnes	Brentford and Chiswick, contested Brentford and Isleworth		Barney Hayhoe		Conservative
	Labour	Goronwy Roberts	Caernarvon		Dafydd Wigley		Plaid Cymru
	Labour	Elystan Morgan	Cardiganshire	Chairman of Welsh Labour	Geraint Howells		Liberal
	Labour	Dick Douglas	Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire		George Reid		Scottish National Party
	Labour	David Clark	Colne Valley		Richard Wainwright		Liberal
	Labour	George Machin	Dundee East		Gordon Wilson		Scottish National Party
	Labour	William Edwards	Merionethshire		Dafydd Elis-Thomas		Plaid Cymru
	Liberal	David Austick	Ripon		Keith Hampson		Conservative
		Graham Tope	Sutton and Cheam		Neil Macfarlane		Conservative
	Scottish National Party	Margo MacDonald	Glasgow Govan		Harry Selby		Labour
	Pro-Assembly Unionist	Rafton Pounder	Belfast South	Former UUP MP	Robert Bradford		Vanguard Unionist Progressive
	Ulster Unionist	Stanley McMaster	Belfast East		William Craig		Vanguard Unionist Progressive
	Unity	Frank McManus	Fermanagh and South Tyrone		Harry West		Ulster Unionist
	Independent Socialist	Bernadette McAliskey	Mid Ulster		John Dunlop		Vanguard Unionist Progressive

See also

• List of MPs elected in the February 1974 United Kingdom general election
• February 1974 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland

References

Sources

• Butler, David; Kavanagh, Dennis (1974), The British General Election of February 1974, Macmillan, ISBN 0333172973
• Byrne, Christopher; Randall, Nick; Theakson, Keven (2021) [2020], "Edward Heath: Leadership Competence and Capability", in Roe-Crines, Andrew S.; Heppell, Timothy (eds.), Policies and politics under Prime Minister Edward Heath, Palgrave studies in political leadership, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 317–354, ISBN 978-3-030-53673-2
• Dorfman, Gerald Allen (1979). Government Versus Trade Unionism in British Politics Since 1968. Stanford: Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-7243-1.
• Sandbrook, Dominic (2010), State of Emergency: The Way We Were: Britain, 1970–1974, Allen Lane, ISBN 9781846140310
• Silverwood, James (2021) [2020], "Competition and Credit Control, Monetary Performance, and the Perception of Macroeconomic Failure: The Heath Government and the Road to Brexit", in Roe-Crines, Andrew S.; Heppell, Timothy (eds.), Policies and politics under Prime Minister Edward Heath, Palgrave studies in political leadership, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 87–114, ISBN 978-3-0305-3673-2, OL 36280331M
• Taylor, Andrew (1984), The Politics of the Yorkshire Miners, London: Croom Helm, ISBN 0-7099-2447-X

• Wager, Alan (2024), Cross-Party Politics in Britain, 1945-2019, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780192873187

Further reading

• Butler, David E.; et al. (1975), The British General Election of February 1974, the standard scholarly study.
• Craig, F.W.S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302

External links

• United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979 Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine

Manifestos

• Firm action for a fair Britain Archived 9 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, February 1974 Conservative Party manifesto
• http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab74feb.htm Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, February 1974 Labour Party manifesto
• Change the face of Britain Archived 9 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, February 1974 Liberal Party manifesto